Electrochemical techniques for photoelectrode characterisation

Photoelectrodes enable simultaneous light absorption and catalysis of water splitting reactions. Their performance is established using electrochemical characterisation methods. Besides basic techniques such as voltammetry chronoamperometry, employed in the dark or under illumination, more advanced techniques, including (photo-)electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, intensity-modulated spectroscopy transient can be used to evaluate key parameters processes. For some these data often interpreted over-simplified models, leading calculation unreliable parameters. The values flat band potential charge transfer efficiency depend heavily on methods determine them, it recommended that are corroborated multiple techniques. Lastly, certain ‘efficiencies’ defined literature for electrically biased systems should revised.